The Improvement and Application of Fracturing Technology in the Nanchuan Shale Gas Field
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摘要:
页岩储层因具有低孔隙度和特低渗透性，必须经过大规模体积压裂改造形成人工缝网。南川页岩气田开发已经形成相对完善的压裂工艺技术体系，但随着甜点储量规模化生产，亟需深入研究并进一步改进压裂工艺。从南川页岩气田不同井网储量动用、射孔方式、投球暂堵、加砂模式等方面提出了页岩气压裂工艺改进思路和方法，并通过现场应用效果评价了改进工艺的可行性。系统总结了压裂工艺改进措施：鉴于井网关系和开发目标的差异，对不同类型井组的压裂改造区域进行差异化控制；超深穿透射孔方式为深层高应力页岩储层压裂提供了重要的工艺基础，满足了电动压裂设备数量和压力等级的限制；借鉴重复压裂及加密井压裂工艺中的投球暂堵技术，优化了投球数量与时机，抑制了主裂缝过度延伸；精细化压裂，支撑剂体系趋于完善，形成了“初始小粒径远输前缘铺置+中段中粒径主流通道支撑+尾段大粒径缝口收尾”三级连续加砂模式。改进后的压裂工艺现场应用效果显著，在统计的现场投球暂堵中，封堵有效率79.8%，在超深穿透工艺下，为更多加砂和注液提供了压力窗口；提高了加砂强度和小粒径占比，显著提升了裂缝导流能力和支撑效果，压后日产气量从3.30×104 m3提高至8.46×104 m3。研究结果表明，通过综合应用差异化压裂设计、超深穿透射孔技术、优化投球暂堵以及精细化三级加砂模式，可显著提升南川页岩气田的压裂改造效果和经济效益，为南川页岩气田有效开发提供了技术保障。
Abstract:Due to the low porosity and extremely low permeability of shale reservoirs, they must undergo large-scale volume fracturing to create an artificial fracture network. The development of the Nanchuan Shale Gas Field has already formed a relatively mature fracturing technology system. However, with the large-scale production of sweet spot reserves, there is an urgent need for in-depth research and further improvement of fracturing technology. Improvement ideas and methods for shale gas technology were proposed for the Nanchuan Shale Gas Field. They involve the utilization of reserves in different well patterns, perforation methods, temporary plugging with ball injection, and sand addition modes. The feasibility of these improvements was evaluated through on-site application effect assessment. Fracturing technology process improvements were summarized systematically. In view of the difference in well pattern and development objectives, the fracturing modification area of different types of well groups was controlled differently. The application of an ultra-deep penetration perforation provided a crucial technological foundation for fracturing in deep and high-stress shale reservoirs, meeting limitations on the number of electric fracturing devices and pressure levels. Repeat fracturing and temporary plugging with ball injection during tight well fracturing resulted in the optimization of the quantity and timing of ball injection to suppress excessive extension of the main fracture. The fracturing process was refined, and the proppant system was improved, leading to a three-stage continuous sand addition mode featuring “long-distance transport placement of initial small particles at front edge + main flow channel support by medium particles in middle section + fracture closure by large particles in tail section.” The improved fracturing technology demonstrated significant on-site application effects. After statistically analyzing the on-site temporary plugging with ball injection, the effective plugging rate was 79.8%. The ultra-deep penetration technology provided a pressure window for more sand addition and fluid injection which increased the sand addition intensity and the proportion of small particles, the fracture conductivity and support effect were significantly enhanced. As a result, the daily production after fracturing increased from 3.30×104 m3 to 8.46×104 m3. It has demonstrated that the integrated application of differentiated fracturing design, ultra-deep penetration perforation technology, optimized temporary plugging with ball injection, and a refined three-stage sand addition mode can significantly enhance the fracturing stimulation effect and economic benefits of the Nanchuan Shale Gas Field. This provides strong technical support for the efficient development of the Nanchuan Shale Gas Field.
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图 1 不同改造强度下邻井套压升幅
Figure 1. Increase in casing pressure in adjacent well under different stimulation intensities
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图 2 缝网与生产压力模拟（15年）结果
Figure 2. Fracture networks and production pressure (15 years) simulation results
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图 3 加密井开发归一化生产曲线
Figure 3. Normalized production curve for development of encrypted wells
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图 4 不同加砂强度下的缝网模拟结果
Figure 4. Fracture network simulation results under different sand addition intensities
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图 5 缝网属性与改造规模的关系
Figure 5. Relationship between fracture network properties and stimulation scale
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图 8 射孔弹穿深试验井段压裂施工曲线
Figure 8. Fracturing construction curve in perforation penetration depth test
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图 9 不同球径暂堵球的升压情况对比
Figure 9. Comparison of initiation pressures for temporary plugging balls with different diameters
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图 10 不同球孔比暂堵球的升压情况对比
Figure 10. Comparison of initiation pressure for temporary plugging balls with different ball-to-hole ratios
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图 11 不同投球时机下暂堵球的升压情况对比
Figure 11. Comparison of initiation pressures for temporary plugging balls at different ball injection timings
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图 13 南川页岩气田平均加砂强度变化
Figure 13. Variation of average sand addition intensity in the Nanchuan Shale Gas Field
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图 14 部分应用井投球暂堵起裂压力情况统计结果
Figure 14. Statistical analysis of initiation pressure for some application wells during temporary plugging with ball injection
表 1 层段矿物组成与力学参数
Table 1 Mineral composition and mechanical parameters of the rock layers
井段 埋深/m 层位 小层 矿物含量，% 弹性
模量/MPa泊松比 水平主应力/MPa 硅质 钙质 泥质 石英 碳酸盐 最小 最大 SY1−1−3 4 314 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 55.5 2.0 22.7 35.44 10.74 58.30 0.150 90.19 102.82 SY1−2−7 4 407 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 48.1 8.4 32.4 39.36 7.46 54.22 0.158 89.93 102.16 SY1−3−6 4 464 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 48.7 14.3 24.8 45.30 6.90 55.06 0.160 91.85 103.45 SY2−1−5 4 392 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 44.0 6.5 34.9 50.01 7.83 56.78 0.165 90.52 101.96 SY2−2−4 4 412 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 46.8 7.7 30.1 50.41 5.10 50.32 0.165 90.33 102.52 SY2−3−4 4 388 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 46.9 11.7 31.0 44.30 16.60 54.36 0.160 89.87 101.19 
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表 2 微地震监测数据
Table 2 Microseismic monitoring data
井号 压裂段 类型 微地震
事件数量M-SRV/
104 m3E-SRV/
104 m3SY2HF 1～6，8～10，16，18～22 非暂堵 112 297 168 7，11～15，17，23～32 暂堵 107 313 174 SY3HF 1～4 非暂堵 75 300 190 5～27 暂堵 101 422 280 SY4HF 1～3，5，7，11～15 非暂堵 139 377 203 4，6，8～10，16～22 暂堵 154 480 228 SY7HF 1～4，9～14，20，21，24～26 非暂堵 85 261 127 5～8，15～19，22，23 暂堵 94 296 143
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表 3 部分应用井的压裂施工参数
Table 3 Fracturing parameters of some application wells
工艺 井号 类型 储层埋深/
m平均段长/
m射孔类型 暂堵类型 加砂强度/
（m3∙m−1）注液强度/
（m3∙m−1）小粒径
占比，%稳定测试产量/
（104m3∙d−1）常规 SY14−8HF 加密井 3 352 99 常规射孔 无暂堵 1.31 27.24 38 3.30 投球暂堵 SY14−6HF 加密井 3 363 105 常规射孔 投球暂堵 1.23 25.91 33 6.23 SY14−7HF 加密井 3 443 109 常规射孔 投球暂堵 1.17 23.94 33 6.30 深穿透+中等加砂+
小粒径高占比SY35−1HF 加密井 4 202 84 深穿透 无暂堵 2.05 20.14 76 8.20 SY35−2HF 加密井 4 071 79 深穿透 无暂堵 2.02 20.42 82 6.71 SY35−3HF 加密井 3 973 85 深穿透 无暂堵 2.04 20.44 74 8.46 SY35−4HF 加密井 3 834 87 深穿透 无暂堵 2.08 21.59 79 8.40 超深穿透+中等加砂+
小粒径高占比SY36−1HF 加密井 4 294 86 超深穿透 无暂堵 2.19 26.04 79 7.80 SY36−2HF 加密井 4 185 72 超深穿透 无暂堵 2.22 28.40 89 7.88 SY36−4HF 加密井 4 093 85 超深穿透 无暂堵 2.20 22.31 75 7.64 投球暂堵+高液强砂 SY4−1HF 扩边井 2 031 92 常规射孔 投球暂堵 4.51 33.12 15 9.76 SY4−3HF 扩边井 1 914 114 常规射孔 投球暂堵 4.02 35.06 34 9.30 SY4−4HF 扩边井 1 869 66 常规射孔 投球暂堵 3.93 31.91 35 8.60
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