Abstract: Under the dual constraints of the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” goals and the new energy security strategy, the traditional energy development model is difficult to achieve high-quality development and high-level security. Cultivating new quality productive forces in energy has become the key path to solving this dilemma. In order to deeply analyze the composition and operation mechanism of the new quality productive force system in energy, the analysis framework of the system was constructed based on the system theory, and its element composition, structural correlation, and functional mechanism were systematically explained. In terms of element composition, the new quality productive force system is a complex adaptive system composed of basic elements, enabling elements, and synergistic elements through nonlinear coupling, showing emerging characteristics such as innovation, coordination, greenness, openness, and sharing, so as to respond to changes in the external environment as a whole. In terms of structural correlation, the internal system forms a dynamic combination mechanism through mass state adaptation, precise matching, spatial optimization, and time coordination, and these elements couple tightly, jointly driving the structural evolution and functional upgrading of the energy system. In terms of functional mechanism, this system is designed to breaking the “energy impossibility triangle”. Its ultimate aim is to facilitate a clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient new energy system by promoting the in-depth development of energy consumption, supply, technology, and institutional revolution. In order to cultivate new quality productive force in energy, it is necessary to adopt the three-dimensional strategy of “technology-element-industry” to build an open innovation ecology, promote the quality of elements, and optimize the industrial structure, so as to provide a theoretical reference for the coordinated realization of high-quality energy development and high-level security under dual constraints.