Improvement and Application of Fracturing Technology in the Nanchuan Shale Gas Field
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摘要:
页岩储层因具有低孔隙度和特低渗透性，必须经过大规模体积压裂改造形成人工缝网。南川页岩气田开发目前已经形成相对完善的压裂工艺技术体系，但随着甜点储量规模化生产，亟需深入研究并进一步改进压裂工艺。从南川页岩气田不同井网储量动用、射孔方式、投球暂堵、加砂模式等方面提出了页岩气压裂工艺改进思路和方法，并通过现场应用效果评价了改进工艺的可行性。系统总结了压裂工艺改进措施：鉴于井网关系和开发目标的差异，对不同类型井组的压裂改造区域进行差异化控制；超深穿透射孔方式的应用对深层高应力页岩储层压裂提供了重要的工艺基础，满足了电动压裂设备数量和压力等级的限制；借鉴重复压裂以及加密井压裂工艺中的投球暂堵技术，优化了投球数量与时机，抑制了主裂缝过度延伸；精细化压裂，支撑剂体系趋于完善，形成了“初始小粒径远输前缘铺置+中段中粒径主流通道支撑+尾段大粒径缝口收尾”三级连续加砂模式。改进后的压裂工艺现场应用效果显著，在统计的现场投球暂堵中，封堵有效率近79.8%。在超深穿透工艺下，为更多加砂和注液提供了压力窗口。提高了加砂强度和小粒径占比，显著提升了裂缝的导流能力和支撑效果，压后日产气量从3.30×104 m3提至8.46×104 m3。研究结果表明，通过综合应用差异化压裂设计、超深穿透射孔技术、优化投球暂堵以及精细化三级加砂模式，可显著提升南川页岩气田的压裂改造效果和经济效益，为南川页岩气田有效开发提供了技术保障。
Abstract:Due to the low porosity and extremely low permeability of shale reservoirs, they must undergo large-scale volume fracturing to create an artificial fracture network. The development of the Nanchuan normal pressure shale gas has already formed a relatively mature fracturing technology system. However, with the scale production of sweet spot reserves, there is an urgent need for in-depth research and further improvement of fracturing technology. This paper proposes improvement ideas and methods for the hydraulic fracturing process of the Nanchuan shale gas field, including the utilization of reserves in different well networks, perforation methods, temporary plugging with ball-injection, and sanding modes. The feasibility of these improvements is evaluated through on-site application effects assessment. The feasibility of the improved technology is evaluated through on-site application results. Differential control of fracturing and transformation areas for different types of well groups, considering variations in well network relationships and development objectives. The application of ultra-deep penetration perforation provides a crucial technological foundation for fracturing in deep, high-stress shale reservoirs, meeting limitations on the number of electric fracturing devices and pressure levels. Borrowing techniques from repeat fracturing and balling during tight well fracturing processes, optimizing the quantity and timing of balling to suppress excessive extension of the main fracture. Fine-tuning the fracturing process and optimizing the proppant system, leading to a well-developed three-level continuous sanding model: "initial small particle size long-distance transport front-end placement + mid-section medium particle size main flow channel support + tail-section large particle size fracture mouth closure." The improved hydraulic fracturing process has shown significant on-site application effects. In the statistically analyzed on-site temporary plugging with ball-injection, the effective plugging rate is close to 79.8%. Under the ultra-deep penetration technique, it has provided a pressure window for more sanding and fluid injection. Increasing the sanding intensity and the proportion of fine particles has significantly enhanced the fracture conductivity and support effect. As a result, the daily production after fracturing has increased from 33,000 cubic meters to 84,600 cubic meters. Studies have shown that the integrated application of differentiated fracturing design, ultra-deep penetration perforation technology, optimized temporary blocking with ball injection, and a refined three-stage sand addition model can significantly enhance the fracturing performance and economic benefits of the Nanchuan Shale Gas Field. This provides strong technical support for the efficient development of the field
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图 1 不同改造强度下邻井套压升幅
Figure 1. Increase in pressure in the proximal well set under different reforming intensities
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图 2 缝网与生产压力模拟（15年）结果
Figure 2. Simulation of crack networks and production pressure (15 years)
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图 3 加密井开发归一化生产曲线
Figure 3. Normalized production curve for three-dimensional development of encrypted wells
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图 4 不同加砂强度下的缝网模拟结果
Figure 4. Simulation of fracture network under different proppant intensities
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图 5 缝网属性与改造规模的关系
Figure 5. Relationship between fracture network properties and modification scale
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图 7 破裂压力与射孔深度的关系曲线
Figure 7. Curve of hydraulic fracturing pressure variation with perforation depth
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图 8 射孔弹穿深试验井段压裂施工曲线
Figure 8. Perforation penetration depth experiment well segment hydraulic fracturing construction curve
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图 9 不同球径暂堵球的升压情况对比
Figure 9. Comparison of initiation pressure for temporary plugging balls with different diameters
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图 10 不同球孔比暂堵球的升压情况对比
Figure 10. Comparison of initiation pressure for temporary plugging balls with different ball-to-hole ratios
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图 11 不同投球时机下暂堵球的升压情况对比
Figure 11. Comparison of initiation pressure for temporary plugging balls at different ball injection timings
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图 13 南川页岩气田平均加砂强度变化
Figure 13. Variation of average proppant intensity in Nanchuan shale gas field
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图 14 部分应用井投球暂堵起压情况统计结果
Figure 14. Statistical analysis of initiation pressure for temporary plugging during ball injection
表 1 层段矿物组成与力学参数
Table 1 The mineral composition and mechanical parameters of the stratum
井段 埋深/m 层位 小层 含量，% 弹性
模量/MPa泊松比 水平主应力/MPa 硅质 钙质 泥质 石英 碳酸盐 最小 最大 SY1−1−3 4 314 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 55.5 2.0 22.7 35.44 10.74 58.30 0.150 90.19 102.82 SY1−2−7 4 407 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 48.1 8.4 32.4 39.36 7.46 54.22 0.158 89.93 102.16 SY1−3−6 4 464 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 48.7 14.3 24.8 45.30 6.90 55.06 0.160 91.85 103.45 SY2−1−5 4 392 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 44.0 6.5 34.9 50.01 7.83 56.78 0.165 90.52 101.96 SY2−2−4 4 412 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 46.8 7.7 30.1 50.41 5.10 50.32 0.165 90.33 102.52 SY2−3−4 4 388 五峰组—龙马溪组 ③ 46.9 11.7 31.0 44.30 16.60 54.36 0.160 89.87 101.19 
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表 2 微地震监测数据
Table 2 Microseismic monitoring data statistics
井号 压裂段 类型 微地震
事件数量M-SRV E-SRV SY2HF 1～6，8～10，16，18～22 非暂堵 112 297 168 7，11～15，17，23～32 暂堵 107 313 174 SY3HF 1～4 非暂堵 75 300 190 5～27 暂堵 101 422 280 SY4HF 1～3，5，7，11～15 非暂堵 139 377 203 4，6，8～10，16～22 暂堵 154 480 228 SY7HF 1～4，9～14，20，21，24～26 非暂堵 85 261 127 5～8，15～19，22，23 暂堵 94 296 143
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表 3 部分应用井的压裂施工参数
Table 3 Parameters of fracturing construction
工艺 井号 井组 储层埋深/
m平均段长/
m射孔类型 暂堵类型 加砂强度/
（m3∙m−1）注液强度/
（m3∙m−1）小粒径
占比，%稳定测试产量/
（104m3∙d−1）常规 SY14−8HF井 加密井 3 352 99 常规射孔 无暂堵 1.31 27.24 38 3.30 投球暂堵 SY14−6HF井 加密井 3 363 105 常规射孔 投球暂堵 1.23 25.91 33 6.23 SY14−7HF井 加密井 3 443 109 常规射孔 投球暂堵 1.17 23.94 33 6.30 深穿透+中等加砂+
小粒径高占比SY35−1HF井 加密井 4 202 84 深穿透 无暂堵 2.05 20.14 76 8.20 SY35−2HF井 加密井 4 071 79 深穿透 无暂堵 2.02 20.42 82 6.71 SY35−3HF井 加密井 3 973 85 深穿透 无暂堵 2.04 20.44 74 8.46 SY35−4HF井 加密井 3 834 87 深穿透 无暂堵 2.08 21.59 79 8.40 超深穿透+中等加砂+
小粒径高占比SY36−1HF井 加密井 4 294 86 超深穿透 无暂堵 2.19 26.04 79 7.80 SY36−2HF井 加密井 4 185 72 超深穿透 无暂堵 2.22 28.40 89 7.88 SY36−4HF井 加密井 4 093 85 超深穿透 无暂堵 2.20 22.31 75 7.64 投球暂堵+高液强砂 SY4−1HF井 扩边井 2 031 92 常规射孔 投球暂堵 4.51 33.12 15 9.76 SY4−3HF井 扩边井 1 914 114 常规射孔 投球暂堵 4.02 35.06 34 9.30 SY4−4HF井 扩边井 1 869 66 常规射孔 投球暂堵 3.93 31.91 35 8.60
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