Abstract: To ensure national energy security and promote high-quality development of oil and gas exploration and development, it is crucial to strengthen new quality productive forces in the petroleum engineering industry. On the basis of understanding the theoretical connotation and development goals of new quality productive forces, the problems hindering the high-quality development of China’s petroleum engineering industry were analyzed. The technical paths to develop new quality productive forces in the petroleum engineering industry were proposed, including transformation and upgrading of traditional fields driven by innovation, development of new fields led by innovation, strengthening of technologies for enabling integration and innovation, and acceleration of achievement transformation. Supporting strategies for the development of new quality productive forces in the petroleum engineering industry were provided from four aspects: accelerating the integration of the innovation chain, industrial chain, capital chain, and talent chain in the petroleum engineering industry, creating high-level petroleum engineering innovation consortium, deepening the reform of scientific and technological systems in the petroleum engineering industry, and building high-level innovation team in the petroleum engineering industry, providing a reference for efficiently promoting the formation and development of new quality productive forces in the petroleum engineering industry.