Numerical Simulation of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow Pattern in Large Annulus of Deep Well
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摘要:
深层和超深层油气井井身结构复杂且部分井眼尺寸较大，钻进过程中容易遇到异常压力，导致安全作业窗口变窄。当发生气侵时，井筒环空内会形成气液两相流，传统的基于常规尺寸流型转化理论的压井方法容易超出窄窗口，导致涌漏交替，从而错过最佳压井时机。为解决这一问题，基于VOF模型开发了一种适用于大尺寸环空气液两相流动的数值模拟方法，并采用文献数据验证了其准确性。在水力当量直径196.8 mm环空内进行的气液两相流动模拟中，识别出泡状流、弹帽流、段塞流和搅拌流等4种流型，分析了其特征，并据此绘制了气液两相流流型图，建立了流型转化判据，揭示了环空尺寸对流型转化的影响规律。研究结果表明，与常规尺寸环空相比，大尺寸环空中泡状流的范围扩大，且在泡状流与段塞流之间存在过渡流型——弹帽流，各流型转化边界均有不同程度的右移。由于常规尺寸环空更容易发生气泡聚并形成泰勒泡，压井操作困难，因此，根据常规尺寸环空流型转化判据为大尺寸环空设计的压井参数往往偏大。相比之下，基于新判据设计的压井参数能够更好地适应窄窗口和大尺寸井眼的压井需求，提高了压井的效率和安全性。
Abstract:In deep and ultra-deep oil and gas wells, abnormal pressure is often encountered while drilling due to their complex casing program and larger borehole sizes, which results in a narrowed safe operating window. When gas intrusion occurs, a gas-liquid two-phase flow forms in the annulus of the wellbore. Conventional well killing methods based on flow pattern transition theories of conventional annulus sizes are prone to exceeding this narrow window, leading to alternating influx and loss and therefore the optimal well killing timing is missed. To address this issue, a numerical simulation method for gas-liquid two-phase flow in large-size annulus was developed using the volume of fluid (VOF) model and was verified with literature data for accuracy. In the simulation of gas-liquid two-phase flow in an annulus with a hydraulic equivalent diameter of 196.8 mm, four flow patterns including bubble flow, cap bubble flow, slug flow, and churn flow were identified and analyzed. A gas-liquid flow pattern map was created, and criteria for flow pattern transitions were established, revealing the influence of annulus size on flow pattern transitions. The results indicate that compared with conventional annulus size, the range of bubble flow expands in larger annuli, with a transitional flow pattern, namely cap bubble flow occurring between bubble and slug flows. The boundaries for flow pattern transitions shift to the right to some certain degree. In conventional annulus size, bubble coalescence and the formation of Taylor bubbles are common, making well killing operations more challenging. Consequently, well control parameters designed for large annuli tend to be bigger. On the contrary, the well control parameters designed based on the new criteria meet the requirements of well killing better in narrow windows and large borehole sizes, thereby improving the efficiency and safety of well killing operations.
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图 5 模拟含气率与试验测得含气率的对比
Figure 5. Comparison between gas void fraction from simulation and experimental data
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图 6 环空内泡状流含气率等值面
Figure 6. Equivalent surface contour plot of gas void fraction of bubble flow in annulus
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图 7 环空内泡状流径向截面气液两相分布云图
Figure 7. Gas-liquid two-phase distribution contour plot ofradial cross-section of bubble flow in annulus
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图 8 环空内泡状流径向截面含气率随时间波动的曲线
Figure 8. Variation of gas void fraction in the radial cross-section of bubble flow in annulus with time
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图 9 环空内弹帽流含气率等值面
Figure 9. Equivalent surface contour plot of gas void fraction of cap-bubble flow in annulus
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图 10 环空内弹帽流径向截面气液两相分布云图
Figure 10. Gas-liquid two-phase distribution contour plot of radial cross-section of cap-bubble flow in annulus
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图 11 环空内弹帽流径向截面含气率随时间波动的曲线
Figure 11. Variation of gas void fraction in the radial cross-section of cap-bubble flow in annulus with time
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图 12 环空内段塞流含气率等值面
Figure 12. Equivalent surface contour plot of gas void fraction of slug flow in annulus
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图 13 环空内段塞流径向截面气液两相分布云图
Figure 13. Gas-liquid two-phase distribution contour plot of radial cross-section of slug flow in annulus
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图 14 环空内段塞流径向截面含气率随时间波动的曲线
Figure 14. Variation of gas void fraction in the radial cross-section of slug flow in annulus with time
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图 15 环空内搅拌流含气率等值面
Figure 15. Equivalent surface contour plot of gas void fraction of churn flow in annulus
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图 16 环空内搅拌流轴向截面气液两相分布云图
Figure 16. Gas-liquid two-phase distribution contour plot of radial cross-section of churn flow in annulus
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图 17 环空内搅拌流径向截面
5500 和4500 mm处气液两相分布对比Figure 17. Comparison of two-phase distribution of churn flow at
5500 mm and4500 mm in the radial cross-section of the annulus![]()
图 18 环空内搅拌流径向截面含气率随时间波动的曲线
Figure 18. Variation of gas void fraction in the radial cross-section of churn flow in annulus with time
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图 19 水力当量直径196.8 mm环空气液两相流流型图
Figure 19. Gas-liquid two-phase flow pattern in annulus with equivalent hydraulic diameter of 196.8 mm
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图 20 水力当量直径196.8 mm下环空气液两相流流型转化的判据
Figure 20. Transition criteria of gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns in annulus with equivalent hydraulic diameterof 196.8 mm
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图 21 气相表观速度分别为0.08和0.15 m/s时环空中含气率等值面
Figure 21. Equivalent surface contour plot of gas void fraction with apparent gas-phase velocities of 0.08 m/s and 0.15 m/s in annulus
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图 22 气相表观速度分别为0.15和0.85 m/s时环空中含气率等值面
Figure 22. Equivalent surface contour plot of gas void fraction with apparent gas-phase velocities of 0.15 m/s and 0.85 m/s in annulus
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图 23 气相表观速度分别为0.85和2.10 m/s时环空中含气率等值面
Figure 23. Equivalent surface contour plot of gas void fraction with apparent gas-phase velocities of 0.85 m/s and 2.10 m/s
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图 24 液相表观流速为0.02，0.10和0.50 m/s时环空含气率等值面
Figure 24. Equivalent surface contour plot of gas void fraction with apparent liquid-phase velocities of 0.02 m/s, 0.10 m/s, and 0.50 m/s in annulus
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图 25 不同尺寸环空中的气液分布情况对比
Figure 25. Comparison of gas-liquid distribution in different sizes of annuli
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图 26 不同密度压井液压井期间环空内含气率的分布
Figure 26. Gas void fraction distribution in annulus during well killing with with killing fluid of different densities
表 1 数值模型流体的物性参数
Table 1 Physical properties parameters of fluid for numerical simulation
流体 密度/（kg·m−3） 黏度/（mPa·s） 表面张力/（N·m−1） 水 998.2 1.003 0.072 空气 1.225 1.798×10−2 
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表 2 不同工况下的数值模拟结果与试验结果
Table 2 Comparison between numerical simulation results and experimental data under different workingconditions
工况 气相表观
速度/（m·s−1）液相表观
速度/（m·s−1）数值模拟流型 试验流型 a 0.125 0.025 泡状流 泡状流 b 0.150 0.030 泡状流 泡状流 c 0.150 0.100 弹帽流 弹帽流 d 1.000 0.030 搅拌流 搅拌流
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表 3 液相表观流速为0.05 m/s时，不同气相表观流速下流型模拟结果
Table 3 Flow pattern simulation results under different apparent gas-phase flow velocities when apparent liquid-phase flow velocity is 0.05 m/s
液相表观速度/（m·s−1） 气相表观速度/（m·s−1） 数值模拟流型 0.05 0.08 泡状流 0.15 弹帽流 0.85 段塞流 2.10 搅拌流
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表 4 气相表观流速为0.15 m/s时，不同液相表观流速下流型模拟结果
Table 4 Flow pattern simulation results under different apparent liquid-phase flow velocities when apparent gas-phase flow velocity is 0.15 m/s
气相表观速度/（m·s−1） 液相表观速度/（m·s−1） 数值模拟流型 0.15 0.50 泡状流 0.10 弹帽流 0.02 段塞流
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