Technical Progress and Development Suggestions for Risk Assessment and Safety Control of Deep-Water Oil and Gas Exploitation
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摘要:
深水油气资源是国际油气勘探开发的主战场和技术争夺的制高点，南海深水油气资源丰富，但面临更恶劣的深水海洋环境、更复杂的浅层地质灾害、更具挑战的深层地质条件和更苛刻的深水油气开采工况，致灾机理复杂，作业风险极高，探索适用于南海深水油气开采的风险评估及安全控制技术体系，是确保深水油气安全高效开采的关键。针对深水油气开采面临的海洋环境、浅层灾害、深层地质、气井开采等四大挑战，通过技术攻关与工程实践，形成了具有南海特色的深水油气开采风险评估基础理论及关键技术体系，包括深水海洋环境风险评估与控制、深水浅层地质灾害预测与控制、深水钻井井控与应急救援、深水油气开采设施安全检测及监测等关键技术，指出超深水、深水深层、深远海等待勘探领域亟需解决复杂井作业风险高、关键核心装备和工程软件依赖进口、深水安全环保要求极高、数字智能化转型迫切等重大问题，提出了持续追求本质安全、推进关键装备和工程软件的国产化、增强高效风险防控与应急能力、智能化保安全等发展建议，以进一步推动深水油气开采风险评估及安全控制技术的发展与进步，实现南海深水油气安全、高效、自主、可控开发。
Abstract:Deep-water is the main battlefield of international oil and gas exploration and development and the pinnacle of technological competition. Although the deep-water oil and gas resources in the South China Sea are abundant, they confront a harsher marine environment, more complex shallow geological disasters, more challenging deep geological regimes, and more demanding exploitation conditions. In addition, the disaster-triggering mechanisms are complicated, and the operational risk is high. Hence, a technical system for risk assessment and safety control of oil and gas exploitation in the South China Sea is the key to ensuring the safe and efficient development of deep-water oil and gas. In this paper, a system for the basic theory and key technologies to assess the risks of deep-water oil and gas exploitation in the South China Sea was established on the basis of technical breakthroughs and engineering practice. Aiming to tackle the challenges of the marine environment, shallow-formation hazards, deep-formation geology, and gas well exploitation risks confronted, this system incorporated key technologies regarding the risk assessment and control of the deep marine environment, deep-water shallow geological disaster prediction and control, deep-water well control and emergency rescue, safety detection and monitoring protocols for exploitation facilities in deep-water oil and gas operations, etc. Moreover, major problems seeking urgent solutions were pointed out for such to-be-explored areas as ultra-deep water, deep formations in deep water, and the open sea. These problems included high operational risks of complex wells, dependence on the import of key and core equipment and engineering software, demanding requirements for deep-water safety and environmental protection, and an urgent need for digital and intelligent transformation, etc. On this basis, the following development suggestions were put forward: continuous pursuit of intrinsic safety, localization of key equipment and engineering software, stronger efficient risk prevention and control and emergency response capabilities, and intelligent safety, etc. These suggestions are expected to promote the technical advance in risk assessment and safety control of deep-water oil and gas exploitation and achieve safe, efficient, independent, and controllable exploitation of deep-water oil and gas in the South China Sea.
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图 2 浅层气风险五级防控技术
Figure 2. Five-level control technology for gas hazards in shallow formations
表 1 不同地区的海洋环境因素对比
Table 1 Comparison of marine environmental conditions in different areas
环境因素 墨西哥湾 北海 西非 南海 台风/飓风 √ √ 冬季风 √ √ 涌浪（低频波） √ √ 内孤立波 √ 
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表 2 深水钻井内波应对策略
Table 2 Internal wave response strategy during deep-water drilling
内波等级 波致流流速/（m·s−1） 波致流加速度/（km·s−2） 应对措施 弱 u<0.8 a<3 记录内波信息，平台不需要采取应对措施 中 0.8≤u<1.0 3≤a<4 监测预警系统发出警报，但是平台不需要采取应对措施 强 1.0≤u<1.5 4≤a<5 监测预警系统发出应急响应，将平台船头朝向调整为内波来向，以减少侧面冲击力 非常强 u≥1.5 a≥5 停止一切水下作业
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