Research and Application of Slick Water and Gel-Liquid Integrated Fracturing Fluids
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摘要:
滑溜水黏度较低，不能满足造缝、携带大粒径支撑剂和高砂比施工要求，限制了非常规储层大型压裂效率的提高。为此，以丙烯酸、丙烯酰胺、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸和单体A为原料，采用反相乳液聚合法合成了一种耐高温、速溶型聚合物降阻剂SFFRE-1。通过研发与降阻剂SFFRE-1配伍性好的高效助排剂和优选黏土稳定剂，形成了滑溜水–胶液一体化压裂液。该压裂液耐温160 ℃，通过调整降阻剂SFFRE-1的加量，其黏度在1～120 mPa·s可调，在压裂施工过程中能够实现滑溜水和胶液在线混配及即时切换的要求。该压裂液在四川盆地的页岩气井和胜利油田的致密油井进行了应用，压裂过程中压裂液表现出良好的降阻和携砂性能，降阻率最高达到86%，砂比最高达到43%。研究和现场应用表明，滑溜水–胶液一体化压裂液能够满足非常规储层大型压裂施工需求。
Abstract:Due to its low viscosity, slick water has limited efficacy in inducing fractures, low carrying capacity for large particles, and a low sand concentration that fails to meet the needs for operation, which limits the efficiency of large-scale fracturing in unconventional reservoirs. Therefore, SFFRE-1, a heat resistant friction reducer dissolves instantly with acrylic acid(AA), acrylamide(AM), 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropyl sulfonic acid(AMPS) and Monomer A as raw materials, was developed by inverse emulsion polymerization. A slick water and gel-liquid integrated fracturing fluid was produced by researching and developing an optimal clay stabilizer and an efficient cleanup agent highly compatible with SFFRE-1. The resulting fracturing fluid can resist temperature as high as 160 °C, and its viscosity can be adjusted from 1 to 120 mPa·s by adjusting added amount of SFFRE-1. In this way, on site mixing and real-time transition between the slick water and gel-liquid in fracturing treatments can be achieved. The fracturing fluid has been applied in shale gas wells in Sichuan Basin and tight oil wells in Shengli Oilfield. It has shown excellent performance in friction reduction and sand carrying: the friction reduction rate reached 86% and the sand concentration was boosted to 43%. The research and field application show that the slick water and gel-liquid integrated fracturing fluid can meet the requirements of large-scale fracturing in unconventional reservoirs.
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图 1 反相乳液型降阻剂SFFRE-1的结构
Figure 1. Structure of inverse emulsion friction reducer SFFR-1
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图 2 不同质量分数SFFRE-1溶液的黏度
Figure 2. Viscosity of SFFRE-1 solution with different mass fractions
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图 3 滑溜水–胶液一体化压裂液不同剪切速率下的降阻率
Figure 3. Friction reduction rate of the slick water and gel-liquid integrated fracturing fluid in different shear rates
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图 4 滑溜水–胶液一体化压裂液在160 ℃下的流变曲线
Figure 4. The rheological curve of the slick water and gel-liquidintegrated fracturing fluid at 160 ℃
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图 5 滑溜水–胶液一体化压裂液的携砂性能
Figure 5. Sand carrying capacity of the slick water and gel-liquid integrated fracturing fluid
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图 6 不同压裂液的累计滤失量与时间平方根的曲线
Figure 6. Curve of the filtration rate and square root of time with different fracturing fluids
表 1 SFCU-1的基本性能
Table 1 Basic properties of SFCU-1
序号 测试溶液 表面张力/
（mN·m−1）界面张力/
（mN·m−1）降阻率，% 1 清水 72.00 25.00 2 0.1% SFCU-1 22.77 1.23 3 0.1% SFCU-1+
0.1% SFFRE-123.60 1.32 80 4 0.1% SFCU-1+
0.1% SFFRE-1+
0.3%黏土稳定剂23.80 1.56 83 
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表 2 黏土稳定剂的基本性能
Table 2 Basic properties of the clay stabilizer
序号 液体 防膨率，% 黏度/（mPa·s） 1 0.3%黏土稳定剂1 66.3 2 0.3%黏土稳定剂2 79.4 3 0.3%黏土稳定剂3 83.6 4 0.3%黏土稳定剂3+0.1%SFFRE-1+
0.1%SFCU-182.0 3.5 5 0.3%黏土稳定剂3+0.3%SFFRE-1+
0.1%SFCU-183.6 13.5
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表 3 滑溜水–胶液一体化压裂液破胶试验结果
Table 3 Gel breaking experimental results of the slick waterand gel-liquid integrated fracturing fluids
破胶剂及加量 温度/
℃破胶时间/min 破胶液黏度/（mPa·s） 残渣含量/（mg·L−1） 0.05%（NH4）2S2O8 90 60 3 52 0.05%K2S2O8 60 3 55 0.05%NaBrO3 60 3 52
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表 4 不同压裂液破胶液伤害试验结果
Table 4 Experimental results of gel breaker damage of different fracturing fluids
岩心编号 直径/cm 长度/cm 孔隙度，% 渗透率/mD 伤害率，% 备注 伤害前 伤害后 1 2.484 5.108 7.63 0.128 0.051 60.2 胍胶压裂液 2 2.480 4.766 7.09 0.109 0.042 61.5 3 2.492 5.592 7.30 0.109 0.094 13.8 一体化压裂液 4 2.484 5.264 7.08 0.108 0.092 14.8
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表 5 胜利油田高青、梁家楼区块一体化压裂液应用效果统计
Table 5 Application effect statistics of the integrated fracturing fluids in Gaoqing and Liangjialou Blocks in Shengli Oilfield
井号 储层类型 砂比，% 降阻率，% C97X22 致密砂岩 42 75 C87-1 致密砂岩 42 75 L78X10 致密砂岩 42 75 L78X11 致密砂岩 42 75 L78X12 致密砂岩 42 75 G946X1 致密砂岩 43 75 L121X2 页岩油 43 75 L106X7 页岩油 41 75
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