The Up-to-Date Drilling and Completion Technologies for Economic and Effective Development of Unconventional Oil & Gas and Suggestions for Further Improvements
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摘要: 我国非常规油气资源储量丰富，探索经济有效开发的钻井完井技术体系，是加快其勘探开发进程与规模上产的关键。详细介绍了我国已形成的埋深3 500 m以浅非常规油气钻井完井技术体系，包括三维丛式井水平井井眼轨道设计、地质工程一体化设计与作业、强化钻井参数提速、深层页岩气控温钻井、地质导向钻井、高性能钻井液和高效固井等关键技术，指出目前仍存在工厂化作业模式未实现最优化、长水平段水平井钻井可重复性差、“一趟钻”技术与配套装备不成熟、抗高温高压材料及配套钻井工具欠缺等问题，提出了加快推广大平台丛式水平井工厂化作业模式、持续优化长水平段水平井钻井技术、践行地质工程一体化理念和开展抗高温高压材料研发及配套工具研制等发展建议，以大幅提升单井产量和采收率，实现非常规油气的高效勘探开发。Abstract: Abundant reserves of unconventional oil & gas resources occur in China. Exploring drilling and completion technology systems for the economic and efficient development is the key to speeding up the exploration and development process and scale up their production. This paper expounds the drilling and completion technology systems developed by Chinese researchers for unconventional oil & gas at less than 3 500 m depth. The key technologies in the systems involved wellbore trajectory design for three-dimensional cluster horizontal wells, design and operation of geology-engineering integration, rate of penetration (ROP) enhancement through drilling parameter optimization, managed temperature drilling of deep shale gas, geosteering, high-performance drilling fluid, and efficient cementing, etc. Nevertheless, it was noted that this systems still fell short in several ways. For example, optimal implementation of factory operation has yet to be achieved, the repeatability of horizontal well drilling with long horizontal sections was poor, the "one-trip drilling" technology and supporting equipment were not well established, and high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) resistant materials and supporting drilling tools were scant. Suggestions for further improvements were also put forward, such as accelerating the promotion of factory operation for large-platform cluster horizontal wells, continuously optimizing drilling technologies for horizontal wells with long horizontal sections, fulfilling the notion of geology-engineering integration, and conducting research & development (R & D) of HTHP resistant materials and developing supporting tools. These measures were expected to substantially boost the single well production and the recovery rate and thereby achieve efficient exploration and development of unconventional oil & gas.
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随钻远探测可在钻头未钻遇地层界面之前判断其相对倾角及走向，提高储层“甜点”的钻遇率[1-5]。常见的远探测测井仪器有斯伦贝谢公司的GeoSphere随钻测绘系统、贝克休斯公司的EDAR随钻电阻率测井仪等，最大探测距离理论上可达30 m[6]。总体来看，该类测井方法普遍存在测井仪器收发源距长、地层界面信号弱、测量易受地层非均质性影响等问题。究其原因在于，现有测井仪器探测地层边界的基础均为采用闭合发射天线和闭合接收天线，其本质是利用磁偶极子天线激发的磁场张量信息来获取地层界面信息，一般采用增大源距、降低工作频率方式来增加探测距离；此时，随源距增大，线圈尺寸对测量响应的影响基本可以忽略。随钻边界探测响应规律复杂，井周地层界面及电性信息的提取往往依赖快速反演算法。Yang Jian等人[7]基于滑动开窗降维策略，忽略地层横向非均质性，实现了随钻测井曲线“犄角”校正；Li Hu等人[8-9]进一步实现了地层界面的实时提取。感应天线在空间中不仅激发磁场，同时也产生电场，且两者相互正交。Li Shanjun等人[10-11]基于电场信号在方位及幅度衰减方面的优势，提出了采集电场信息发展新型远探测的方法。根据同样的思路，王磊等人[12-13]提出基于磁偶极子激发电场信息，综合利用磁场、电场信息实现短源距远探测，克服了传统远探测方位识别能力弱、源距过长等的问题。现有研究采集电场信息时，发射线圈和接收线圈均采用严格的半线圈结构，这在工程上很难实现。为此，笔者以闭合线圈为发射线圈（即磁偶极子）、非闭合线圈为接收线圈（即电偶极子），设计了一种新型混合偶极子天线系统，模拟了其典型响应特征，分析了地层界面方位、地层电阻率、电场电阻率对比度对其的影响，并探讨了新型天线系统的探测特性，以期为新一代随钻前视远探测仪器的研制提供理论指导。
1. 混合偶极子远探测测量原理
1.1 基本原理
传统随钻远探测测井仪器采用闭合线圈发射、闭合线圈接收的方式，在进行模拟计算时可将闭合线圈等效为磁偶极子，但目前还没有在井下直接测量电场的天线系统。 Li Shanjun等人[10]提出采用非闭合天线（即ME天线，可将其等效为电偶极子；传统的接收磁场的天线可以称之为MM天线）实现电场的测量（如图1所示），研究与实践表明，z方向磁偶极子天线激发的y方向磁场分量是最佳前视远探测分量[3-4，6]。
ME天线测量的总电势VME是电场沿半圆形路径的积分，可等效为半闭合磁偶极子天线与电偶极子天线各自测量电势的叠加[9，11]：
VME=∮B−D−C−A−BEdl+∫B−A−CEdl=∫half MD antennaHMMzzds+∫B−A−CEMEzydl (1) 式中：VME为ME天线测量的总电势，V；E为电场强度，V/m；
EMEzy 为zy方向ME天线测量的电场强度，V/m；HMMzz 为zz方向的MM天线测量的磁场强度，A/m。点B，D和C分别为半圆起点、中间点及终点。闭合回路B-D-C-A-B可视为半个z向磁偶极子天线，而B-A-C是−y方向的电偶极子测量天线，这表明ME天线所测量的信号同时包含磁场同轴分量及电场交叉分量信息。
1.2 天线设计
基于远探测测量原理，采用闭合线圈发射、轴向非闭合线圈接收的方式组合成新型远探测天线系统（见图2），笔者称其为混合偶极子天线系统。
假定发射线圈内线电流密度为1 A/m，则接收线圈处测量的电势信号为[9]：
VME=π r2(2rEMEzysin β+iωμπr22HMMzz) (2) 式中：r为线圈半径，m；β为钻铤旋转角度，（°）；ω为角频率，rad/s；μ为介质磁导率，H/m。
式（2）中等号右侧括号中第一项代表y方向电场的贡献，第二项代表z方向磁场的贡献。随钻测井仪器旋转过程中，取方位角为90°和270°时的电势，将其转化为地质信号：
G_real=Re(VME|β=90o−VME|β=270oVME|β=90o+VME|β=270o) (3) G_imag=Im(VME|β=90o−VME|β=270oVME|β=90o+VME|β=270o) (4) 式中：G_real为地质信号的实部；G_imag为地质信号的虚部。
在随钻测井仪器设计中，可选择不同频率、不同源距的基本天线单元，组合成复合天线系统，实现井周地层界面的近、中、远距离探测，通过处理测量信号获取地层电阻率、地面界面方位、距离等参数。
2. 典型响应特征
2.1 不同源距
假设地层模型为双层地层模型，即只有一个地层界面，地层界面两侧电阻率分别为10和100 Ω·m；设置仪器工作频率为100 kHz，线圈系源距为0.40，0.50，0.60和1.50 m，模拟测井仪器的测井响应。图3为工作频率100 kHz下不同源距测井响应信号的实部、虚部。由图3可知：仪器靠近地层界面时，响应信号的实部随距地层界面的距离减小而线性增加，其虚部出现明显的非线性关系；但无论响应信号的实部还是虚部，源距越大，地层界面两侧异常范围越大，表明其对地层边界的探测能力越强；响应信号实部的响应强度远大于其虚部的响应强度，表明探测地层边界能力的强弱主要与响应信号的实部有关。
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图 3 100 kHz工作频率下不同源距ME天线的响应信号Figure 3. Response signals of ME antennas with different coil spacing under a working frequency of 100 kHz2.2 不同工作频率
混合偶极子测井仪器参数及地层模型不变，固定源距（1.50 m），模拟不同工作频率的测井响应，结果如图4所示（图中的实线代表测井响应为正值，虚线表示测井响应为负值）。取信号幅度0.003 dB为探边能力的阈值（传统仪器取0.025 dB）。由图4可知：工作频率越低，混合偶极子测井仪器的探测范围越大；其在高阻层的探边能力远大于其在低阻层；源距为1.50 m时，混合偶极子测井仪器在高阻层中的低频探边距离可达21 m，在低阻层中仍可探测13 m以内的地层界面。因此，使用混合偶极子天线系统可以实现短源距远探测。
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图 4 不同工作频率下ME天线的响应信号Figure 4. Response signals of ME antennas under different working frequencies3. 影响因素分析
3.1 方位敏感性
为分析混合偶极子天线系统的方位敏感性，设置地层模型为双层单界面模型，一组模型界面两侧地层的电阻率分别为10和100 Ω·m，一组模型界面两侧地层的电阻率分别为100和10 Ω·m。假设仪器自上而下倾斜穿过地层界面，仪器参数与上文一致，ME天线测井响应信号的实部和虚部分别如图5和图6所示。由图5和图6可知，仪器从低阻地层穿过界面至高阻地层，与仪器自高阻地层穿过界面至低阻地层，其在相同电阻率地层中的测井响应大小相等，但符号相反，表明混合偶极子天线具有识别地层界面方位的能力。
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图 5 ME天线响应信号的实部（100 kHz）Figure 5. Real part of response signals of ME antennas (100 kHz)![]()
图 6 ME天线响应信号的虚部（100 kHz）Figure 6. Imaginary part of response signals of ME antennas (100 kHz)进一步模拟仪器在中高频（400 kHz、2 MHz）模式下的测井响应特征，不同源距的响应规律一致。需要说明的是，随着工作频率增大，地质信号的非线性特征进一步增强，与文中2.1节所描述的特征基本一致，但这并不会改变仪器探测方位的特性。
3.2 地层电阻率
地层模型为双层单界面模型，假设界面两侧地层的电阻率对比度为1∶10，设置界面两侧地层的电阻率分别为40与400 Ω·m，10与100 Ω·m，4与40 Ω·m和1与10 Ω·m。图7和图8为源距1.50 m、工作频率100 kHz和2 MHz下仪器的测井响应信号。由图7和图8可知：地层电阻率对比度固定时，工作频率越高，探边距离越小；地层电阻率越高，探边距离越大，最大和最小探边距离可相差3倍以上。
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图 7 不同地层电阻率条件下的测井响应信号（源距1.50 m、工作频率100 kHz）Figure 7. Logging response signals under different formation resistivity (a coil spacing of 1.50 m and a working frequency of 100 kHz)![]()
图 8 不同地层电阻率条件下的测井响应信号（源距1.50 m、工作频率2 MHz）Figure 8. Logging response signals under different formation resistivity (a coil spacing of 1.50 m and a working frequency of 2 MHz)3.3 电阻率对比度
电阻率对比度是决定远探测仪器探测性能的一个重要因素[4]，为此设置地层模型为双层单界面模型，其中高阻地层电阻率固定为100 Ω·m，低阻地层电阻率分别设置为1，4，10和40 Ω·m。假设仪器源距为1.50 m，以工作频率100 kHz自低阻地层斜穿至高阻地层，测井响应如图9所示。由图9可知：当高阻地层电阻率固定时，仪器的探边距离随着电阻率对比度增大而不断增大；当电阻率对比度大于10∶100时，探边距离增幅有限；在低阻地层一侧，电阻率越低，测井响应信号衰减越快、变化越剧烈。
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图 9 不同地层电阻率对比度条件下的测井响应信号Figure 9. Logging response signals under different formation resistivity contrasts4. 探边界能力分析
4.1 实部探边能力
设置地层模型为双层单界面模型，界面两侧地层电阻率分别为R1和R2，仪器位于电阻率为R1的地层内且平行于地层界面，信号探测阈值0.003 dB，仪器参数与前文所述一致，模拟其实部的探边能力，图10为源距1.50 m、工作频率100，400 kHz和2 MHz下的测井响应信号实部探边Picasso图（图中每个像素点的颜色代表仪器在该对比度条件下最大探边距离。
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图 10 不同工作频率下测井响应信号实部探边Picasso图Figure 10. Picasso diagram of boundary detection by real part of logging response signals under different working frequencies由图10可知：地层电阻率对比度越大，其探边能力越强，即探边距离越远；对角线处，即地层两侧电阻率对比度为1，此处附近为探边仪器探测盲区；在源距相同时，仪器对地层边界的探测距离随工作频率增大而迅速减小。在工作频率相同时，仪器对地层边界探测距离随源距增大而急剧增大。在长源距、低频条件下，仪器最大探边距离可达30 m。
4.2 虚部探边能力
图11为源距1.50 m，工作频率100，400 kHz和2 MHz下测井响应信号虚部探边Picasso图。对比图10和图11发现，与测井响应信号实部相比，测井响应信号虚部在中低阻地层的探边能力相对更强；低电阻率对比度条件下，仪器在高阻地层的探测盲区相对较大。
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图 11 不同工作频率下测井响应信号虚部探边Picasso图Figure 11. Picasso diagram of boundary detection by imaginary part of logging response signals under different working frequencies4.3 综合探边能力
综合探边能力是综合考虑测井仪器响应信号的实部和虚部，选取两者最大探边距离，绘制综合探边Picasso图，如图12所示。由图12可知，Picasso图中不间断区域显著变少，说明混合偶极子的综合探边能力随地层电阻率和电阻率对比度的变化较为平缓，其综合探边的盲区较小。利用多频、多源距组合天线系统，既可探测井周附近数米的地层界面，亦能探测井周30 m多远处的地层界面，从而实现混合偶极子远探测对探边距离的最优覆盖，即实现短源距条件下的多尺度地层边界探测。
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图 12 不同工作频率下测井响应信号的综合探边Picasso图Figure 12. Picasso diagram of comprehensive boundary detection of logging response signals under different working frequencies5. 结 论
1）混合偶极子靠近地层界面时，响应信号的实部呈线性增大趋势，虚部呈非线性关系，在高频工作模式下尤为明显；其对地层界面的幅度比响应，实部大于虚部。
2）混合偶极子在高阻地层的探边能力，远大于其在低阻地层的探边能力；源距为1.50 m时，高阻地层中的低频探边距离可达21 m。
3）仪器从地层界面不同位置穿越，在相同电阻率地层中的测井响应大小相等、符号相反，表明混合偶极子具有识别地层界面方位的能力。
4）混合偶极子综合探边盲区较小，可通过多频、多源距组合天线系统，实现混合偶极子远探测对地层边界的最优覆盖，即实现短源距条件下的多尺度地层边界探测。
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图 2 不同钻井液密度时的井底循环温度
Figure 2. Downhole circulating temperature at different drilling fluid density
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图 3 长庆致密油气多层系立体开发模式
Figure 3. Multi-layer stereoscopic development mode for Changqing tight oil & gas
表 1 国产顶驱下套管装置主要技术参数
Table 1 Main technical parameters of China-made top-drive casing-running device
型号 适用套管外径/
mm水眼密封压力/
MPa最大工作扭矩/
（kN·m）XTG140H外卡 114～140 35～70 35 XTG140H内卡 168～244 35～70 35 XTG168内卡 244～340 50 50 XTG340内卡 340～508 15～35 50 
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