The Characteristics of the Acoustic Field Ahead of the Bit in “Look-Ahead” Acoustic Logging While Drilling
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摘要: 现有声波测井仪器无法满足前视探测需求，为此开展了基于相控阵技术的随钻前视声波测井技术研究。采用相控线阵声波辐射器和相控圆弧阵声波接收站，分别实现声波能量的定向辐射和扫描接收；利用有限差分算法，分别模拟了随钻条件下钻头前方存在一个地层界面时的单极和相控阵声波测井响应。模拟结果表明，由于井底散射的影响，随钻前视声波测井的波场比常规反射声波测井的声场更为复杂；与单极声波辐射器相比，相控线阵声波辐射器能够定向增强辐射到钻头前方地层中的声波能量，可以显著增强P-P回波的幅度；与单极声波接收器相比，通过统计相控圆弧阵声波接收站扫描接收到的不同方位P-P回波的幅度，可以近似判断钻前地层界面的方位。研究结果验证了利用相控阵声波测井技术探测钻前地质异常体的可行性，为后续工业样机的开发提供了理论依据。Abstract: As the existing acoustic logging tools cannot meet the requirements of "look-ahead" detection, the research on “look-ahead” acoustic logging-while-drilling (LWD) was performed based on the phased array technology. The directional radiation and scanning reception of acoustic energy were realized by the linear phased array (LPA) acoustic wave radiator and arcuate phased array (APA) acoustic receiver stations. The responses of monopole and phased array acoustic logging with a formation interface ahead of the drill bit are numerically simulated by the finite-difference algorithm. The results showed that the acoustic fields of “look-ahead” acoustic LWD are more complex than those of conventional acoustic reflection logging, because of the wave scattering at the well bottom. Compared with the monopole acoustic radiator, the amplitude of P-P echo can be significantly enhanced by directionally enhancing the acoustic energy radiated into the formation ahead of the drill bit with LPA acoustic wave radiator. Compared with the monopole acoustic receiver, the APA acoustic receiver station can approximately determine the azimuth of the formation interface ahead of the drill bit by analyzing the amplitude distribution of P-P echo waves in the scanning reception waveforms. The research results confirmed that detecting geological anomalies ahead of the drill bit with phased array acoustic logging is feasible, and it can provide a theoretical basis for the development of industrial prototypes.
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Keywords:
- logging while drilling /
- acoustic logging /
- look-ahead /
- phased array /
- geological anomalies /
- echo wave
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图 1 相控阵声波测井仪器结构示意
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the phased array acoustic logging tool
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图 5 不同源距下相控阵测量的接收波形
Figure 5. Received waveforms at different offsets in phased array measurement
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图 6 源距为3.00 m时单极测量和相控阵测量的井孔直达波与回波波形
Figure 6. Direct and echo waveforms in the monopole and phased array measurements at an offset of 3.00 m
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图 7 源距为3.00 m时单极测量的回波波形和相控阵测量的回波波形
Figure 7. Comparison of echo waveforms in the monopole and phased array measurements at an offset of 3.00 m
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图 8 不同源距下相控圆弧阵声波接收站的独立接收回波波形
Figure 8. Individual-reception echo waveforms of APA acoustic receiver stations at different offsets
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图 9 不同源距下独立接收P-P回波最大幅度随方位角的分布曲线
Figure 9. Distribution curves of maximum amplitude for individual-reception P-P echo waves with azimuths at different offsets
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图 10 不同源距相控圆弧阵声波接收站的扫描接收回波波形
Figure 10. Scanning-reception echo waveforms of APA acoustic receiver stations at different offsets
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图 11 不同源距下扫描接收P-P回波最大幅度随方位角的分布曲线
Figure 11. Distribution curves of maximum amplitude for scanning-reception P-P echo waves with azimuths at different offsets
表 1 计算模型中各介质参数
Table 1 Parameters of each media in calculation model
类型 纵波波速/(m·s−1) 横波波速/(m·s−1) 密度/(kg·m−3) 外半径/m 流体 1 500 0 1 000 0.027 钻铤 5 860 3 130 7 800 0.090 流体 1 500 0 1 000 0.117 地层1 2 700 1 200 2 000 地层2 4 500 2 600 2 500 
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表 2 接收波形的传播路径及形式
Table 2 Transmission paths and forms of received waveforms
波类型 传播路径 传播形式 TR 从声源直接传播至接收器 钻铤波、滑行纵波、内斯通利波、外斯通利波 TBR 首先从声源传播至井底 钻铤波、滑行纵波、内斯通利波、外斯通利波 再从井底传播至接收器 钻铤波、滑行纵波、内斯通利波、外斯通利波 TIR 首先从声源传播至地层界面 地层纵波、地层横波 再从地层界面传播至接收器 地层纵波、地层横波 TBIR 首先从声源传播至井底 钻铤波、滑行纵波、内斯通利波、外斯通利波 然后从井底传播至地层界面 地层纵波、地层横波 最后从地层界面传播至接收器 地层纵波、地层横波 TIBR 首先从声源传播至地层界面 地层纵波、地层横波 然后从地层界面传播至井底 地层纵波、地层横波 最后从井底传播至接收器 钻铤波、滑行纵波、内斯通利波、外斯通利波
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