The Optimization of Rubber Sealing Materials for Key Equipment in Polar Drilling
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摘要:
极地的低温环境会使橡胶逐渐变硬甚至玻璃化从而丧失原有的弹性，易导致钻井泵、防喷器等关键钻井设备出现密封失效问题，影响正常生产并带来安全隐患。因此，需要对极地钻井关键设备所用橡胶密封材料进行优选。按照国家标准GB/T 528—2009和GB/T 7759.2—2014，在20～–50 ℃温度环境下对橡胶材料进行了单轴拉伸和压缩永久变形试验，将试验数据与多种常见超弹性本构模型进行拟合得到了模型参数，分析了这些本构模型在低温条件下的适用性；利用有限元分析软件ABAQUS，模拟分析了–45 ℃温度下处于工作状态的O形橡胶密封圈的密封性能，找出了设备在低温条件下容易发生密封失效的位置。分析认为，在低温、小变形条件下，Polynomial（N=2）模型和Ogden（N=3）模型能更准确地描述橡胶的力学性能；硅橡胶、气相胶、丁腈橡胶在极地环境（–45 ℃）下依然保持优越的密封性能，可以作为极地钻井关键设备用橡胶密封材料。低温下超弹性本构模型的分析和橡胶密封材料的优选，可为我国后续极地钻井提供理论指导与支持。
Abstract:The unique low temperature environment of polar drilling hardens rubber gradually to the point of even vitrifying it so it loses its original elasticity. This can easily cause the sealing failure of key drilling equipment, such as mud pump and BOP, which affects normal production and brings about potential safety risks. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the rubber sealing materials used in the key equipment for polar drilling. According to the National Standards GB/T 528—2009 and GB/T 7759.2—2014, the rubber materials were subjected to uniaxial tension and compression permanent deformation tests at the temperature of 20～–50 °C, and the test data and the hyper-elastic constitutive models of several common rubbers were fitted to obtain the model parameters, so as to analyze the applicability of these constitutive models under low temperature conditions. The sealing performance of rubber O-ring at –45 °C was simulated and analyzed by using ABAQUS finite element software, and found the location of the seal failure which is easy to occur at low temperature. According to the analysis, Polynomial (N=2) model and Ogden (N=3) model can accurately describe the mechanical properties of rubber under low temperature and small deformation conditions. Silicone rubber, gas rubber and nitrile rubber can still maintain superior sealing performance under polar environments (–45 °C), so they can be used as the rubber sealing materials for key equipment of polar drilling. The analysis of rubber super-elastic constitutive model at low temperature and the optimization of rubber sealing materials can provide theoretical guidance and support for the future polar drilling of China.
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图 1 橡胶材料拉伸和压缩试验标准试样
Figure 1. Standard sample for tensile and compression test of rubber material
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图 2 不同温度下各橡胶材料的拉伸强度
Figure 2. Tensile strengths of each rubber material at different temperatures
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图 3 不同温度下各橡胶材料的拉断伸长率
Figure 3. Elongation at break of each rubber material at different temperatures
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图 4 不同温度下各橡胶材料压力释放15 min后的压缩永久变形率
Figure 4. Compression permanent deformation rate of each rubber material after 15 min of pressure releasing at different temperatures
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图 5 低温下各橡胶材料由不同本构模型得到的名义应力–名义应变关系曲线
Figure 5. Nominal stress and strain curve obtained by different constitutive models for each rubber material at low temperature
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图 6 –45 °C温度下硅橡胶O形密封圈的应力分布云图
Figure 6. Stress distribution cloud map of a silicone rubber O-ring at –45 °C
表 1 不同温度下Polynomial（N=2）模型和Ogden（N=3）模型的模型参数
Table 1 Model parameters of Polynomial (N=2) model and Ogden (N=3) model at different temperatures
温度/℃ 橡胶类型 Polynomial（N=2）模型 Ogden（N=3）模型 模型参数 误差，% 模型参数 误差，% C10 C01 C20 C11 C02 α1 α2 α3 μ1 μ2 μ3 –30 硅橡胶 –9.867 12.232 0.78 –3.626 7.535 <7 1.309 –7.85 15.708 1.782 12.500 –25.000 <5 气相胶 –23.920 29.062 1.45 –7.082 16.190 <8 2.082 –17.40 34.994 0.427 12.500 –25.000 <7 丁腈橡胶 –32.820 39.365 2.52 –11.780 25.040 <6 3.763 –17.10 34.234 –6.964 12.500 –25.000 <5 –35 硅橡胶 –18.030 21.635 1.67 –7.767 14.980 <8 1.532 –10.60 21.250 1.682 12.500 –24.999 <6 气相胶 –26.580 31.910 2.23 –10.620 21.160 <9 2.182 –16.90 33.969 1.122 12.500 –25.000 <7 丁腈橡胶 –40.450 49.291 4.37 –20.020 36.850 <7 5.375 –21.70 43.498 1.888 12.500 –25.000 <6 –40 硅橡胶 –10.390 12.762 0.73 –3.538 7.770 <9 1.772 –4.61 9.218 –6.140 11.041 –22.082 <7 气相胶 –32.860 39.851 2.34 –11.130 23.760 <9 2.670 –21.30 42.773 1.123 11.351 –22.702 <8 丁腈橡胶 –60.650 74.301 5.17 –24.910 50.070 <8 7.804 –36.80 73.795 1.845 12.500 –24.999 <7 –45 硅橡胶 –27.550 32.531 2.10 –10.060 1.123 <10 1.123 –17.00 34.140 2.556 12.500 –25.000 <9 气相胶 –28.630 34.667 1.91 –9.485 20.820 <9 2.383 –20.60 41.372 1.502 12.461 –24.923 <8 丁腈橡胶 –93.300 112.320 7.38 –35.790 73.730 <9 7.952 –57.30 114.680 2.023 12.500 –25.000 <9 
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