Research on Crude Oil Thickening Mechanisms during Nitrogen Injection in Fracture-Cavity Carbonate Reservoirs
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摘要: 为了明确缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏注氮气原油变稠的机理并制定相应的开发对策，提高注氮气的采收率，开展了缝洞型油藏注氮气致稠机理研究。该研究通过注氮气模拟试验，分析了氮气抽提作用、氮气含氧量和伴注水对原油黏度的影响。结果表明，氮气含氧是引起原油黏度增大的主导因素，含氧量为1%时，仅需2 d多即可将氧气耗尽，黏度达到18 000 mPa·s，为初始黏度的6倍；含氧量为5%时，在7 d多时间内黏度持续升高达到1 122 000 mPa·s，为初始黏度的366倍。乳化含水和抽提对原油黏度的影响相当，黏度升高1～3倍。研究表明，提高注入氮气的纯度是防止塔河油田缝洞型油藏注氮气致稠的最有效方法，研究结果为解决缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏注氮气原油致稠问题提供了理论依据。Abstract: Research was conducted on the thickening mechanism of crude oil during nitrogen injection in fracture-cavity reservoirs to clarify the thickening mechanism and take corresponding countermeasures, thereby enhancing the oil recovery of nitrogen injection. In this study, simulation experiments of nitrogen injection were performed to analyze the influence on crude oil brought by nitrogen extraction, oxygen content in nitrogen, and mixed water. The experiments showed that the oxygen content in nitrogen was the major influential factor. When the oxygen content was 1%, it took only more than 2 days to exhaust the oxygen, and the viscosity reached 18 000 mPa·s, which was 6 times the initial viscosity. When the oxygen content increased to 5%, the viscosity continued to grow to 1 122 000 mPa·s within more than 7 days, which was 366 times the initial viscosity. Emulsification with water and nitrogen extraction resulted in the same effect on viscosity: the viscosity increased 1–3 times. The results demonstrate improving the purity of injected nitrogen is the most effective way to prevent crude oil thickening of fracture-cavity reservoirs during nitrogen injection in Tahe Oilfield. It has provided a theoretical basis for solving the problem of crude oil thickening brought by nitrogen injection in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs.
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图 1 注氮气超临界提抽模拟试验装置
Figure 1. Simulation device for supercritical extraction of injected nitrogen
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图 3 油样E在氧气含量1%下的组分变化情况
Figure 3. Change of components in Sample E with an oxygen content of 1%
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图 4 油样E在氧气含量5%下的组分变化情况
Figure 4. Change of components in Sample E with an oxygen content of 5%
表 1 试验用原油初始黏度
Table 1 Initial viscosity of crude oil in the experiment
油样 组分含量，% 重均相对
分子质量黏度/（mPa·s） 饱和 芳香 胶质 沥青质 50 ℃ 130 ℃ 油样A 27.35 32.28 24.10 16.28 1 081 4 570 68.6 油样B 29.13 31.18 27.75 11.94 1 081 3 540 62.5 油样C 30.81 31.22 17.38 20.59 1 064 370 20.4 油样D 32.31 31.13 18.58 18.01 1 087 961 37.1 
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表 2 不同油样对抽提效果的影响
Table 2 Influence of different oil samples on extraction
油样 质量/
g注入速度/
（L·min–1）注入量/
L抽提量/
g质量占比，% 油样A 72.70 2.96 221.74 0.12 0.17 油样B 75.70 3.00 230.88 0.12 0.16 油样C 109.10 2.97 332.76 0.12 0.11 油样D 83.19 2.99 253.73 0.07 0.08
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表 3 氮气注入倍数对油样A抽提效果的影响
Table 3 Influence of nitrogen injection multiples on extraction in Sample A
油样质
量/g注入速度/
（L·min–1）注入倍数 抽提量/
g质量
比，%50 ℃黏度/
（mPa·s）增黏
倍数72.95 2.90 3 0.05 0.07 5 026 1.10 99.63 2.98 5 0.11 0.11 5 519 1.21 72.70 2.96 10 0.12 0.17 6 701 1.47 63.35 2.97 30 0.27 0.43 14 933 3.27
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表 4 注入速度对原油抽提效果的影响
Table 4 Influence of nitrogen injection rates on extraction
油样质量/g 注入速度/（L·min−1） 注入量/L 抽提量/g 63.35 2.97 579.65 0.27 63.35 3.49 579.65 0.25 63.35 4.07 579.65 0.24
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表 5 油样E在不同含氧量氮气中氧化不同时间后的黏度
Table 5 Viscosity of Sample E after oxidization for different time in nitrogen with different oxygen contents
含氧量，% 油样E氧化不同时间后的黏度/（mPa·s） 6 h 12 h 30 h 54 h 78 h 126 h 174 h 1 10 020 12 600 15 480 17 750 18 200 18 300 18 000 5 12 500 35 330 62 000 98 400 228 000 453 000 1 122 000 15 55 630 384 000 9 360 000 32 750 000
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表 6 油样E经不同含氧量氮气氧化前后C，H 和 N 元素含量的变化
Table 6 Change of contents of Element C, H and N in Sample E before and after oxidization by nitrogen with different oxygen contents
油样 H，% C，% N，% S，% O，% 油样E 11.95 85.13 0.51 1.80 0.61 含氧量1%氮气抽提3次 11.80 84.99 0.51 1.84 0.86 含氧量1%氮气抽提7次 11.78 84.94 0.51 1.86 0.91 含氧量5%氮气抽提3次 11.66 84.71 0.51 1.89 1.23 含氧量5%氮气抽提7次 11.49 84.36 0.49 1.86 1.85
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表 7 TK1原油乳化含水样品黏度
Table 7 Viscosity of emulsified water-bearing samples from Well TK1
原油乳化含水率，% 真实含水率，% 50 ℃原油黏度/（mPa·s） 原始样 5.51 385 10 9.82 575 20 14.35 1 420 30 27.41 4 337 45 44.38 22 590 60 56.06 273 000 70 62.55 449 000 75 67.34 212 000
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表 8 TK2原油乳化含水样品黏度
Table 8 Viscosity of emulsified water-bearing samples from Well TK2
原油乳化含水率，% 真实含水率，% 50 ℃原油黏度/（mPa·s） 原始样 4.65 1 880 10 9.16 2 480 20 20.8 7 500 30 33.45 13 200 40 40.1 22 800 55 53.0 44 000 65 63.5 109 000 70 67.2 78 800
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